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到了期末都说要找个实习的工作，我也跟个风😂。
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我是主要是在实习僧上,">
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< blockquote >
< p > 原创发表于 < a href = "https://blog.davidz.cn" > DavidZ Blog< / a > ，遵循 < a href = "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > CC 4.0 BY-NC-SA< / a > 版权协议，转载请附上原文出处链接及本声明。< / p >
< / blockquote >
< h2 id = "前言" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#前言" > ¶< / a > 前言< / h2 >
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< p > 到了期末都说要找个实习的工作，我也跟个风😂。< / p >
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< p > 我是主要是在< a href = "https://www.shixiseng.com/" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 实习僧< / a > 上找的（就当免费做个广告吧），我住在美丽的泉城济南，< s > 这个地方好就好在< / s > ，咳咳咳，我大概填了填简历，可能是没啥亮点，投了三四家都不要我😢。< / p >
< p > 我分析原因大概有以下几条：< / p >
< ol >
< li > 我最喜欢最熟练的语言是 Python， ， < / li >
< li > 我个人没有参加过 acm 之类的比赛，除了几个项目没法有效证明我的能力。< / li >
< li > 我这个寒假只能干 2 个月，< s > 其实最终只干了一个半月< / s > 。< / li >
< li > 我是个大三的学生。可能培养了对于公司来说也没啥意义吧。< / li >
< / ol >
< p > 最后还是十分感谢秦老师❤️，不但收了我到浪潮实习，还在实习过程中给了我很多帮助和指导。< / p >
< p > 下面列一列我学习了解的项目工具之类的。< / p >
< h2 id = "CppMicroServices" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#CppMicroServices" > ¶< / a > < a href = "https://github.com/CppMicroServices/CppMicroServices" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > CppMicroServices< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 我们主要做了一个插件管理器，是基于 CppMicroServices 的二次开发。这是一个 Cpp 的微服务框架，主要实现了 Bundle 的全生命周期管理，注册，启动，停止，状态管理等。< / p >
< h2 id = "CLion" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#CLion" > ¶< / a > < a href = "https://www.jetbrains.com/clion" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > CLion< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 大爱 Jetbrains 全家桶，我实习的第一件事大概就是给组里所有人安利了 CLion 吧。与宇宙第一 IDE Visual Studio 相比最突出的优点有< / p >
< ol >
< li > 精美的全功能编辑器。不是我吐槽， < / li >
< li > 丰富完善的插件生态。虽然感觉比不上 VSCode， ， < / li >
< li > CMake 项目的原生支持。VS 虽然也有，但是感觉应该还处在开发状态。< / li >
< li > SVN & Git 的原生支持。< / li >
< li > 远程开发功能。因为我们要求项目有跨平台能力， < / li >
< li > 丰富的主题。VS 硬伤。< / li >
< / ol >
< p > 综上所述，对于 Cpp 的 CMake 跨平台项目，还是推荐使用 CLion 作为 IDE。< / p >
< p > 我猜测 Visual Studio 是宇宙第一 IDE 应该说的是对于 C# 项目吧。< / p >
< h2 id = "CMake" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#CMake" > ¶< / a > < a href = "www.cmake.org" > CMake< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 以前的 C/Cpp 项目对我来说就是个谜， ， < / p >
< p > 傻瓜式的配置的优点和确定都是非常显著的，好用是好用，用好是真的难。< / p >
< p > CMake 作为这几年流行的跨平台构建工具，实现了配置式构建，终于让我理解了大学里 Linux 老师讲的程序编译链接都是些啥。< / p >
< p > 下面我简单写一写 CMake 的入门知识。< / p >
< h3 id = "常见编译器" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#常见编译器" > ¶< / a > 常见编译器< / h3 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th style = "text-align:center" > Platform< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > Windows< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > Linux< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:center" > GNU(open source)< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > MinGW, MinGW-w64< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > GCC(GNU Compiler Collection)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Other< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Clang(Apple), MSVC(Microsoft), ICC(Intel) etc.< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Clang(Apple), ICC(Intel) etc.< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< p > 上面这些编译器都可以作为 CMake 的编译器。< / p >
< p > 这里主要还是推荐 GCC， ， < / p >
< p > 其次的话推荐 CLang， ， ， < / p >
< p > 再次就是如果真的需要 Windows 原生底层支持，那就只能使用 MSVC 啦。< / p >
< h3 id = "常见构建工具" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#常见构建工具" > ¶< / a > 常见构建工具< / h3 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th style = "text-align:center" > Platform< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > Windows< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > Linux< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:center" > GNU(open source)< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > MinGW-make(Makefile)< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > make(Makefile)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Other< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > nmake(Makefile), MSBuild(.vcxproj), ninja(.ninja), qmake etc.< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > ninja(.ninja), qmake etc.< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Solution< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Visual Studio(.sln), QT(.project)< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > XCode, QT(.project)< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< p > 以上所有都可以作为 CMake 的 Generator。< / p >
< p > IDE 可以识别 CMake 根据 CMakeLists.txt 生成的 CMakeCache.txt， ， ， < / p >
< p > 我们在项目中使用的情况是，在 Linux 下使用 make， < / p >
< h3 id = "CMake-常用指令" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#CMake-常用指令" > ¶< / a > CMake 常用指令< / h3 >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > Generate a Project Buildsystem
cmake [< options> ] < path-to-source>
cmake [< options> ] < path-to-existing-build>
cmake [< options> ] -S < path-to-source> -B < path-to-build>
Build a Project
cmake --build < dir> [< options> ] [-- < build-tool-options> ]
Install a Project
cmake --install < dir> [< options> ]
Open a Project
cmake --open < dir>
Run a Script
cmake [{-D < var> =< value> }...] -P < cmake-script-file>
Run a Command-Line Tool
cmake -E < command> [< options> ]
Run the Find-Package Tool
cmake --find-package [< options> ]
View Help
cmake --help[-< topic> ]
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这些其实用不太到，构建别人的项目只使用简单的< code > cmake ..< / code > 就好啦。< / p >
< p > 其他常用的 CLion 都有相应的图形化设置。< / p >
< h3 id = "Makefile" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#Makefile" > ¶< / a > Makefile< / h3 >
< pre > < code class = "language-makefile" > < TargetName> :
gcc < arg1> < arg2> ... < file>
g++ < arg1> < arg2> ... < file>
gcc < arg1> < arg2> ... < file>
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这个是传统的 makefile， ， ， ， < a href = "https://www.gnu.org/software/automake/manual/html_node/Autotools-Introduction.html" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > Autotools< / a > 。< / p >
< h3 id = "CMakeLists-txt" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#CMakeLists-txt" > ¶< / a > CMakeLists.txt< / h3 >
< pre > < code class = "language-cmake" > cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16)
project(Demo)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 14)
find_package(Poco REQUIRED COMPONENTS Foundation)
include_directories(include)
add_executable(Demo src/main.cpp)
set(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS true)
add_library(Cal src/cal.cpp include/cal.h)
message(STATUS ${Poco_LIBRARIES})
target_link_libraries(Demo ${Poco_LIBRARIES} Cal)
set(EXECUTABLE_OUTPUT_PATH ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/bin/)
set(LIBRARY_OUTPUT_PATH ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib/)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这个是一个简单的 Demo， < / p >
< p > 整体难度中等，主要原因是< a href = "https://cmake.org/" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 官网文档< / a > 有一点看不懂😢。< / p >
< h2 id = "Vcpkg" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#Vcpkg" > ¶< / a > < a href = "https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > Vcpkg< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 这个是微软开发的，类似于 Python 的 pip， ， < / p >
< p > 比如安装一个 poco， > 编译源码-> 把文件放进项目-> 修改编译链接选项，然后才能用，现在你只需要< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > vcpkg install poco
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 然后在 CMakeLists.txt 里面添加< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-cmake" > find_package(Poco REQUIRED COMPONENTS Foundation)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 然后再连接上 Target 就好啦。< / p >
< p > Vcpkg 甚至还允许你使用< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > vcpkg install poco:x64-windows
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 直接安装 64 位的 Poco 库。< / p >
< p > 至于搜索和卸载都大同小异。< / p >
< p > < strong > 但是< / strong > ，它有一个致命问题是，不支持版本管理，每个库都是由一个文件指定的，而不是像 pip， < / p >
< p > vcpkg 安装依赖都是下载后现编译安装的，不过这个应该是 C/Cpp 项目不可避免的，我也没找到 Windows 下更好的依赖包管理器。< / p >
< h2 id = "Poco" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#Poco" > ¶< / a > < a href = "https://github.com/pocoproject/poco" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > Poco< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 这个类似于野生 C++标准类库< a href = "https://www.boost.org" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > Boost< / a > ，但是官网说很轻量，使用感觉也确实是这样。但是用起来总感觉有一些问题，我也提了 issue， ， < / p >
< p > 基本上能够让 Cpp 在使用上达到 Java 的水平吧，但是肯定还是有一定的差距的，跟我熟悉的 Python 更是相差甚远，毕竟不是标准库，也情有可原吧。< / p >
< p > 用了一段时间之后，感觉这个库的实现还是很标准的，看了一些源代码，也很规范，以后再有 Cpp 的项目可以着重考虑一下了。< / p >
< h2 id = "Linux" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#Linux" > ¶< / a > Linux< / h2 >
< p > 因为跨平台，在项目开发过程中大量使用了 Linux 上 shell， ， ， < / p >
< p > 同时因为是 C/Cpp 项目，我们编译了很多开源项目，算是终于知道了 Linux 根目录下面每个目录都是干啥的。< / p >
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< p > Linux 下的包管理器比如 apt， < a href = "https://blog.davidz.cn/beauty-is-productivity-windows-terminal" > 博文< / a > 里介绍了它。< / p >
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< h2 id = "MSYS2" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#MSYS2" > ¶< / a > < a href = "https://github.com/msys2/msys2" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > MSYS2< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 因为快离职的时候，新的需求要交叉编译 CFEngine（ ） ， < / p >
< blockquote >
< p > MinGW 是在 Windows 平台的< a href = "https://www.gnu.org/software/gcc" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > GCC< / a > ，而 CygWin 和 MSYS2 均是在 MinGW 基础上的< a href = "https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/POSIX.html" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > POSIX< / a > 子操作系统（概念类似于微软 WSL） < br >
< a href = "https://www.cnblogs.com/Netsharp/p/11073142.html" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > CygWin、Msys、MinGW、Msys2 的区别与联系< / a > < / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > 选择 MSYS2 而不是 MinGW 也不是 CygWin 的主要原因也是因为 MSYS2 的包管理器 pacman。< / p >
< p > 交叉编译也是个大坑，巨坑无比，反正我也没研究明白，七八个可执行文件就编译出来一个。< / p >
< h2 id = "感谢" > < a class = "header-anchor" href = "#感谢" > ¶< / a > 感谢< / h2 >
< p > 感谢所有在实习中帮助过我的老师，同事们❤️。< / p >
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