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原创发表于 DavidZ Blog，遵循 CC 4.0 BY-NC-SA 版权协议，转载请附上原文出处链接及本声明。
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¶前言
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到了期末都说要找个实习的工作，我也跟个风😂。
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我是主要是在实习僧上,">
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<a href="/categories/Internship"><b>「
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</b>INTERNSHIP<b> 」</b></a>
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一月 27, 2020
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<h3 class="post-title animated fadeInDown"><a href="/inspur-internship/" title="浪潮实习" class="">浪潮实习</a>
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8.8k
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<p>原创发表于 <a href="https://blog.davidz.cn">DavidZ Blog</a>，遵循 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CC 4.0 BY-NC-SA</a> 版权协议，转载请附上原文出处链接及本声明。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h2 id="前言"><a class="header-anchor" href="#前言">¶</a>前言</h2>
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<p>到了期末都说要找个实习的工作，我也跟个风😂。</p>
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<p>我是主要是在<a href="https://www.shixiseng.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">实习僧</a>上找的（就当免费做个广告吧），我住在美丽的泉城济南，<s>这个地方好就好在</s>，咳咳咳，我大概填了填简历，可能是没啥亮点，投了三四家都不要我😢。</p>
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<p>我分析原因大概有以下几条：</p>
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<ol>
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<li>我最喜欢最熟练的语言是 Python，但是现在国内的环境，Python 很少作为 Web 的后端，主要是用在机器学习（大数据分析，量化交易之类的）方面。济南大多数都是 Java 和 Cpp 岗。</li>
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<li>我个人没有参加过 acm 之类的比赛，除了几个项目没法有效证明我的能力。</li>
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<li>我这个寒假只能干 2 个月，<s>其实最终只干了一个半月</s>。</li>
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<li>我是个大三的学生。可能培养了对于公司来说也没啥意义吧。</li>
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</ol>
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<p>最后还是十分感谢秦老师❤️，不但收了我到浪潮实习，还在实习过程中给了我很多帮助和指导。</p>
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<p>下面列一列我学习了解的项目工具之类的。</p>
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<h2 id="CppMicroServices"><a class="header-anchor" href="#CppMicroServices">¶</a><a href="https://github.com/CppMicroServices/CppMicroServices" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CppMicroServices</a></h2>
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<p>我们主要做了一个插件管理器，是基于 CppMicroServices 的二次开发。这是一个 Cpp 的微服务框架，主要实现了 Bundle 的全生命周期管理，注册，启动，停止，状态管理等。</p>
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<h2 id="CLion"><a class="header-anchor" href="#CLion">¶</a><a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/clion" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CLion</a></h2>
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<p>大爱 Jetbrains 全家桶，我实习的第一件事大概就是给组里所有人安利了 CLion 吧。与宇宙第一 IDE Visual Studio 相比最突出的优点有</p>
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<ol>
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<li>精美的全功能编辑器。不是我吐槽，VS 的编辑器为了向下兼容现在甚至已经落后 VSCode 了，这还是曾经的宇宙第一 IDE 嘛。举一个简单的例子，连字功能连个开关都找不到，重启 VS 没成功，重启电脑就成功了？再加上没有拼写检查？没有自动注释补全？没有缺陷提示？你可能觉得没什么，但是这些都是 CLion 的自带功能啊。</li>
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<li>丰富完善的插件生态。虽然感觉比不上 VSCode，但是相对于 VS，😄。</li>
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<li>CMake 项目的原生支持。VS 虽然也有，但是感觉应该还处在开发状态。</li>
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<li>SVN & Git 的原生支持。</li>
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<li>远程开发功能。因为我们要求项目有跨平台能力，所以需要在多个平台切换。VS 虽然也有这个功能，但是也是感觉在开发状态，相比 CLion 少了很多配置的灵活性。</li>
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<li>丰富的主题。VS 硬伤。</li>
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</ol>
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<p>综上所述，对于 Cpp 的 CMake 跨平台项目，还是推荐使用 CLion 作为 IDE。</p>
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<p>我猜测 Visual Studio 是宇宙第一 IDE 应该说的是对于 C# 项目吧。</p>
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<h2 id="CMake"><a class="header-anchor" href="#CMake">¶</a><a href="www.cmake.org">CMake</a></h2>
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<p>以前的 C/Cpp 项目对我来说就是个谜，解决方案、项目傻傻分不清楚，Visual Studio 写单文件程序，解算法题还是很溜的，但是两个文件以上就很晕。</p>
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<p>傻瓜式的配置的优点和确定都是非常显著的，好用是好用，用好是真的难。</p>
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<p>CMake 作为这几年流行的跨平台构建工具，实现了配置式构建，终于让我理解了大学里 Linux 老师讲的程序编译链接都是些啥。</p>
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<p>下面我简单写一写 CMake 的入门知识。</p>
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<h3 id="常见编译器"><a class="header-anchor" href="#常见编译器">¶</a>常见编译器</h3>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th style="text-align:center">Platform</th>
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<th style="text-align:center">Windows</th>
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<th style="text-align:center">Linux</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center">GNU(open source)</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">MinGW, MinGW-w64</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">GCC(GNU Compiler Collection)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center">Other</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">Clang(Apple), MSVC(Microsoft), ICC(Intel) etc.</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">Clang(Apple), ICC(Intel) etc.</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p>上面这些编译器都可以作为 CMake 的编译器。</p>
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<p>这里主要还是推荐 GCC，毕竟老牌，经过这么多年的洗礼了。</p>
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<p>其次的话推荐 CLang，这些年对于新特性，特别是 C++20，支持的不错。</p>
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<p>再次就是如果真的需要 Windows 原生底层支持，那就只能使用 MSVC 啦。</p>
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<h3 id="常见构建工具"><a class="header-anchor" href="#常见构建工具">¶</a>常见构建工具</h3>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th style="text-align:center">Platform</th>
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<th style="text-align:center">Windows</th>
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<th style="text-align:center">Linux</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center">GNU(open source)</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">MinGW-make(Makefile)</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">make(Makefile)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center">Other</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">nmake(Makefile), MSBuild(.vcxproj), ninja(.ninja), qmake etc.</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">ninja(.ninja), qmake etc.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center">Solution</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">Visual Studio(.sln), QT(.project)</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">XCode, QT(.project)</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p>以上所有都可以作为 CMake 的 Generator。</p>
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<p>IDE 可以识别 CMake 根据 CMakeLists.txt 生成的 CMakeCache.txt，从中获得项目构成，编译连接选项等，从而替代解决方案。</p>
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<p>我们在项目中使用的情况是，在 Linux 下使用 make，在 Windows 下使用 nmake。</p>
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<h3 id="CMake-常用指令"><a class="header-anchor" href="#CMake-常用指令">¶</a>CMake 常用指令</h3>
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<pre><code class="language-shell">Generate a Project Buildsystem
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cmake [<options>] <path-to-source>
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cmake [<options>] <path-to-existing-build>
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cmake [<options>] -S <path-to-source> -B <path-to-build>
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Build a Project
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cmake --build <dir> [<options>] [-- <build-tool-options>]
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Install a Project
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cmake --install <dir> [<options>]
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Open a Project
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cmake --open <dir>
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Run a Script
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cmake [{-D <var>=<value>}...] -P <cmake-script-file>
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Run a Command-Line Tool
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cmake -E <command> [<options>]
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Run the Find-Package Tool
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cmake --find-package [<options>]
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View Help
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cmake --help[-<topic>]
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</code></pre>
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<p>这些其实用不太到，构建别人的项目只使用简单的<code>cmake ..</code>就好啦。</p>
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<p>其他常用的 CLion 都有相应的图形化设置。</p>
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<h3 id="Makefile"><a class="header-anchor" href="#Makefile">¶</a>Makefile</h3>
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<pre><code class="language-makefile"><TargetName>:
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gcc <arg1> <arg2> ... <file>
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g++ <arg1> <arg2> ... <file>
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gcc <arg1> <arg2> ... <file>
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</code></pre>
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<p>这个是传统的 makefile，事实上，对于大型项目，已经很少有人这么写了，详细参考<a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/automake/manual/html_node/Autotools-Introduction.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Autotools</a>。</p>
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<h3 id="CMakeLists-txt"><a class="header-anchor" href="#CMakeLists-txt">¶</a>CMakeLists.txt</h3>
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<pre><code class="language-cmake">cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16)
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project(Demo)
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set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 14)
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find_package(Poco REQUIRED COMPONENTS Foundation)
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include_directories(include)
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add_executable(Demo src/main.cpp)
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set(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS true)
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add_library(Cal src/cal.cpp include/cal.h)
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message(STATUS ${Poco_LIBRARIES})
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target_link_libraries(Demo ${Poco_LIBRARIES} Cal)
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set(EXECUTABLE_OUTPUT_PATH ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/bin/)
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set(LIBRARY_OUTPUT_PATH ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib/)
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</code></pre>
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<p>这个是一个简单的 Demo，链接外部的 Poco 库，还编译生成了一个动态库和一个可执行文件，然后指定了输出目录。</p>
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<p>整体难度中等，主要原因是<a href="https://cmake.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">官网文档</a>有一点看不懂😢。</p>
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<h2 id="Vcpkg"><a class="header-anchor" href="#Vcpkg">¶</a><a href="https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vcpkg</a></h2>
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<p>这个是微软开发的，类似于 Python 的 pip，Nodejs 的 npm，总而言之就是个依赖包管理器。主要适用于解决开发依赖问题。</p>
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<p>比如安装一个 poco，原来你需要下载源码->编译源码->把文件放进项目->修改编译链接选项，然后才能用，现在你只需要</p>
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<pre><code class="language-shell">vcpkg install poco
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</code></pre>
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<p>然后在 CMakeLists.txt 里面添加</p>
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<pre><code class="language-cmake">find_package(Poco REQUIRED COMPONENTS Foundation)
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</code></pre>
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<p>然后再连接上 Target 就好啦。</p>
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<p>Vcpkg 甚至还允许你使用</p>
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<pre><code class="language-shell">vcpkg install poco:x64-windows
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</code></pre>
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<p>直接安装 64 位的 Poco 库。</p>
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<p>至于搜索和卸载都大同小异。</p>
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<p><strong>但是</strong>，它有一个致命问题是，不支持版本管理，每个库都是由一个文件指定的，而不是像 pip，npm 之类的，有个在线仓库，所以，你 vcpkg 的版本直接决定了依赖的版本。</p>
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<p>vcpkg 安装依赖都是下载后现编译安装的，不过这个应该是 C/Cpp 项目不可避免的，我也没找到 Windows 下更好的依赖包管理器。</p>
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<h2 id="Poco"><a class="header-anchor" href="#Poco">¶</a><a href="https://github.com/pocoproject/poco" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Poco</a></h2>
|
||
<p>这个类似于野生 C++标准类库<a href="https://www.boost.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Boost</a>，但是官网说很轻量，使用感觉也确实是这样。但是用起来总感觉有一些问题，我也提了 issue，作者也没回我，可能太忙了吧。</p>
|
||
<p>基本上能够让 Cpp 在使用上达到 Java 的水平吧，但是肯定还是有一定的差距的，跟我熟悉的 Python 更是相差甚远，毕竟不是标准库，也情有可原吧。</p>
|
||
<p>用了一段时间之后，感觉这个库的实现还是很标准的，看了一些源代码，也很规范，以后再有 Cpp 的项目可以着重考虑一下了。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="Linux"><a class="header-anchor" href="#Linux">¶</a>Linux</h2>
|
||
<p>因为跨平台，在项目开发过程中大量使用了 Linux 上 shell，systemctl，docker 这些工具以及 CFEngine， Zabbix 这些运维的东西，感觉又喜欢上了 Linux 和命令行，熟悉了之后真是很方便。</p>
|
||
<p>同时因为是 C/Cpp 项目，我们编译了很多开源项目，算是终于知道了 Linux 根目录下面每个目录都是干啥的。</p>
|
||
<p>Linux 下的包管理器比如 apt，yum 用起来也很爽。所以我也看了看 Windows 下面的包管理器，发现了 Scoop 这个神器，在另外一篇<a href="https://blog.davidz.cn/beauty-is-productivity-windows-terminal">博文</a>里介绍了它。</p>
|
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<h2 id="MSYS2"><a class="header-anchor" href="#MSYS2">¶</a><a href="https://github.com/msys2/msys2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MSYS2</a></h2>
|
||
<p>因为快离职的时候，新的需求要交叉编译 CFEngine（虽然到离职也没搞成功），但是让我发现了 MSYS2 这个交叉编译神器。</p>
|
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<blockquote>
|
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<p>MinGW 是在 Windows 平台的<a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/gcc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GCC</a>，而 CygWin 和 MSYS2 均是在 MinGW 基础上的<a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/POSIX.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">POSIX</a>子操作系统（概念类似于微软 WSL）。<br>
|
||
<a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/Netsharp/p/11073142.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CygWin、Msys、MinGW、Msys2 的区别与联系</a></p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>选择 MSYS2 而不是 MinGW 也不是 CygWin 的主要原因也是因为 MSYS2 的包管理器 pacman。</p>
|
||
<p>交叉编译也是个大坑，巨坑无比，反正我也没研究明白，七八个可执行文件就编译出来一个。</p>
|
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<h2 id="感谢"><a class="header-anchor" href="#感谢">¶</a>感谢</h2>
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